Data Download

This data file includes our estimates for mean user cost rates, mean share of user cost that is subsidized (under our main and alternate subsidy definitions), and mean subsidy (in dollars) for households that own their home in each PUMA for the years 2012 to 2019. For more details about these estimates and how they are constructed refer to the paper. A column description is provided below.

Researchers are free to use these data with an appropriate citation (Bishop, Dowling, Kuminoff, and Murphy, 2025).

This file contains the following 10 columns:

Column Name Format Description Example

statefp 2 digits US State FIPS Code 04

puma5ce 5 digits PUMA Code 00109

countyfp 3 digits County FIPS Code (if available) 013

year 4 digits Estimate year 2016

user_cost_rate Numeric Mean UCR 0.0315865449809734

share_user_cost_subsidized Numeric Mean Share of UCR subsidized 0.0564910394542676

share_user_cost_subsidized_alt_defn Numeric Mean Share of UCR subsidized 0.170920044401807

under alternative subsidy definition (refer to paper for details)

subsidy_dollars Numeric Mean Subsidy in nominal USD 555.558013795042

state_name String State Name Arizona

state_abb String State Abbreviation AZ

puma_name String PUMA Name Maricopa County--Tempe City (North)

county_name String County Name (if available) Maricopa County (part)

wt Numeric Sum of ACS household weights 13837

There are 18,808 rows (2,351 PUMAs x 8 years). They are uniquely identified by combining statefp, puma5ce and year.